Aspectos históricos do trabalho e da saúde de técnicos e técnicas de enfermagem no Brasil / Aspectos históricos del trabajo y la salud de los técnicos de enfermería en Brasil / Historical aspects of work and health of nursing technicians in Brazil

Objetivo principal: Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los aspectos históricos y sociológicos del trabajo y la salud de los técnicos de enfermería en el área hospitalaria. Metodología: La investigación cualitativa utiliza entrevistas (siete mujeres y dos hombres) con técnicos de enfermería de un pequeño hospital, en la perspectiva de la historia oral. Resultados principales: Las técnicas de enfermería utilizan el cuerpo para el cuidado, la expresión de las emociones y el saber hacer profesional. Hay casos de accidentes de trabajo, influencias del trabajo nocturno en la salud y enfermedades relacionadas con el esfuerzo físico y el uso intenso del cuerpo. Conclusión principal: El referencial teórico de los estudios del cuidado ayudó a comprender cómo el cuerpo es utilizado en el cuidado y confirma la necesidad de garantizar la salud de estos trabaja-dores a lo largo de la historia de sus trayectorias (AU)

Objective: This study aims to analyse the historical and sociological aspects of work and health of nursing technicians in the hospital area. Methods: The qualitative research uses interviews (seven women and two men) with nursing technicians from a small hospital, from the perspective of oral history. Results: Nursing techniques use the body for care, expression of emotions and professional know-how. There are cases of work accidents, influences of night work on health and illnesses related to physical exertion and intense use of the body. Conclusions: The theoretical framework of care studies helped to understand how the body is used in care and confirms the need to guarantee the health of these workers throughout the history of their trajectories (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os aspectos históricos e sociológicos do trabalho e da saúde dos técnicos e técnicas de enfermagem de um hospital público, sob a perspectiva dos estudos sobre o trabalho de cuidado. Metodologia: A pesquisa qualitativa utiliza entrevistas (sete mulheres e dois homens) com técnicos de enfermagem de um hospital de pequeno porte, na perspectiva da história oral. Principais resultados: As técnicas de enfermagem utilizam o corpo para o cuidado, expressam suas emoções por meio dele e usam os saberes e fazeres para lidar com diferentes sentimentos. Há casos de acidentes de trabalho, influências do trabalho noturno na saúde e doenças relacionadas ao esforço físico e uso intenso do corpo. Conclusão principal: O referencial teórico dos estudos do cuidado ajudou a compreender como o corpo é utilizado no cuidado e confirma a necessidade de garantir a saúde dessas trabalhadoras ao longo da história de suas carreiras (AU)

Políticas de formação profissional de nível médio em Enfermagem no Brasil: perspectiva histórico-crítica / Políticas de formación profesional de nivel medio en Enfermería en Brasil: perspectiva histórico-crítica / Policies of professional training of middle level in Nursing in Brazil: historical-critical perspective

Las políticas de formación técnica en enfermería se caracterizan por el cuño asistencialista, destinado a las capas populares y la división entre trabajo manual e intelectual; además del carácter económico en la contratación de técnicos y auxiliares en detrimento de los profesionales de nivel superior. La finalidad del artículo es discutir la historia de las políticas de formación profesional de nivel medio en Enfermería, en Brasil, en un abordaje histórico-crítico. Este ensayo utiliza fuentes bibliográficas de libros y artículos científicos consultados en las bases de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y Scielo sobre el tema. Con relación a los resultados hubo avances en el debate sobre la educación profesional en enfermería brasileña, con énfasis en la garantía de la calidad de la formación, que debe ser crítica y proporcionar la reflexión sobre las prácticas en salud en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) y mejora de la calidad de la formación docente. Por lo tanto, de acuerdo con los aspectos históricos de la educación profesional en enfermería brasileña, que durante mucho tiempo fue pautada en la dimensión asistencialista y curativa, los procesos educativos deben orientarse más allá de la inserción en el mercado de trabajo y garantizar la educación para los trabajadores del área de salud (AU)

Nursing technical training policies are characterized by the welfare nature of the working classes and the division between manual and intellectual work; in addition to the economic character in hiring technicians and auxiliaries to the detriment of higher education professionals. The purpose of the article is to discuss the history of professional training policies of middle level in Nursing, in Brazil, in a historical-critical approach. This essay uses bibliographic sources of books and scientific articles consulted in the bases of the Virtual Library on Health and Scielo on the subject. Regarding the results, there were advances in the debate on professional education in Brazilian nursing, with emphasis on quality assurance of training, which should be critical and provide reflection on health practices in the Unified Health System (SUS) and improving the quality of teacher training. Therefore, according to the historical aspects of professional education in Brazilian nursing, which for a long education-al process should be guided beyond the insertion in the labor market and ensure education for health workers (AU)

As políticas de formação técnica em enfermagem caracterizam-se pelo cunho assistencialista, destinado às camadas populares e a divisão entre trabalho manual e intelectual; além do caráter econômico na contratação de técnicos e auxiliares em detrimento dos profissionais de nível superior. A finalidade do artigo é discutir a história das políticas de formação profissional de nível médio em Enfermagem, no Brasil, em uma abordagem histórico-crítica. Esse ensaio utiliza de fontes bibliográficas de livros e artigos científicos consultados nas bases da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Scielo sobre o tema. Com relação aos resultados houve avanços no debate sobre a educação profissional em enfermagem brasileira, com ênfase na garantia da qualidade da formação, que deve ser crítica e proporcionar a reflexão sobre as práticas em saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e melhoria da qualidade da formação docente. Portanto, de acordo com os aspectos históricos da educação profissional em enfermagem brasileira, que durante muito tempo foi pautada na dimensão assistencialista e curativa, os processos educativos devem se pautar para além da inserção no mercado de trabalho e garantir a educação para os trabalhadores da área de saúde (AU)

90 anos da constituição dos marcos legais da educação profissional em Enfermagem no Brasil / 90 years since the constitution of the legal frameworks of professional education in Nursing in Brazil

O objetivo da discussão proposta à mesa será apresentar o paralelo entre a formação técnica de nível médio em Enfermagem no Brasil e os tempos: político, normativo-legal e a produção científica. Justifica-se devido à carência de investigações sobre a temática e a necessidade de aprofundar as reflexões que permeiam essa formação de impacto quanti-qualitativo na saúde da população. Origina-se de estudos exploratórios prévios, dos quais emergiram três unidades: o panorama sócio-político, o movimento normativo-legal sobre a formação técnica em Enfermagem e a produção científica na área. Constatou-se múltiplas possibilidades de reflexões com implicações positivas para esse nível formativo (AU)

Formação Técnica em Enfermagem no Brasil estabelecendo paralelos entre o período histórico, os aspectos legais e a produção científica / Technical Training in Nursing in Brazil establishing parallels between the historical period, legal aspects and scientific production

The purpose of the discussion proposed at the table will be to present the parallel between the technical training of secondary level in Nursing in Brazil and the times: political, normative-legal and scientific production. It is justified due to the lack of investigations on the subject and the need to deepen the reflections that permeate this formation of quanti-qualitative impact on the health of the population. It originates from previous exploratory studies, from which three units emerged: the socio-political panorama, the normative-legal movement on technical training in Nursing and scientific production in the area. Multiple possibilities for reflection were found with positive implications for this training level (AU)

O objetivo da discussão proposta à mesa será apresentar o paralelo entre a formação técnica de nível médio em Enfermagem no Brasil e os tempos: político, normativo-legal e a produção científica. Justifica-se devido à carência de investigações sobre a temática e a necessidade de aprofundar as reflexões que permeiam essa formação de impacto quanti-qualitativo na saúde da população. Origina-se de estudos exploratórios prévios, dos quais emergiram três unidades: o panorama sócio-político, o movimento normativo-legal sobre a formação técnica em Enfermagem e a produção científica na área. Constatou-se múltiplas possibilidades de reflexões com implicações positivas para esse nível formativo (AU)

Who named and built the Désormeaux endoscope? The case of unacknowledged opticians Charles and Arthur Chevalier.

Announced in 1855, the Désormeaux endoscope articulated a scope expansion in medical utility of the uréthroscope initially presented to the Académie de médecine in late 1853. The former epochal term was never formally claimed, and although evidencing creative thinking by Désormeaux himself, production was a poorly acknowledged but seemingly close collaboration with two leading Parisian instrument makers: Maison Chevalier for the optical parts and Maison Charrière for the accessory catheter.

Los Suboficiales de Sanidad en la Armada (1940-1989) / Non-Commissioned Officers of Health Services in the Spanish Navy

Los profesionales auxiliares sanitarios de la Armada, formaron parte inseparable del grupo de los suboficiales desde su creación en 1940, hasta que la evolución de la técnica sanitaria y la formación académica, los hicieron desaparecer. Con la llegada de los Ayudantes Técnicos Sanitarios, y más tarde los Enfermeros, traspasaron los límites del horizonte de los suboficiales, gracias a su formación universitaria, y se integraron en los Cuerpos Comunes de las Fuerzas Armadas, como oficiales. Trabajaron en un medio hostil y dejaron profundas huellas que la historia no debe olvidar

The auxiliary health professionals of the Spanish Navy, were an inseparable part of the group of NCOs since the creation of the corps in 1940, until it disappears due to the evolution of the sanitary technique and the requirement of academic training. With the arrival of the so-called Sanitary Technical Assistants, the Nurses crossed the limits of the horizons of the NCOs, and thanks to their university degree, they joined the Common Corps of the Armed Forces, as officers. They worked in a hostile environment and left deep traces that history should not forget

The History of Pathologists' Assistants: A Tale of 2 Educational Mavericks.

CONTEXT.­: The use of medical technologists to assist with clinical pathology workload has been common since the 1930s. In stark contrast, most aspects of anatomical pathology have traditionally been considered to be medical work that must be performed by pathologists or residents. OBJECTIVE.­: To describe the history of the pathologists' assistant profession in North America. DESIGN.­: Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed. RESULTS.­: The concept of physician assistants, capable of performing delegated medical tasks, was created by Eugene A. Stead Jr, MD, at Duke University in 1965. When this profession began, it was quickly embraced by the American Medical Association, which took ownership related to certification and licensing of practitioners as well as external accreditation of training programs. Because of concerns about pathology manpower in the late 1960s, Thomas D. Kinney, MD, also at Duke University, developed the first training program for pathologists' assistants in 1969. Pathologists' assistants were not immediately accepted by many academic pathologists, especially related to work in the surgical pathology gross room. Organized pathology did not help the new profession develop standards, and so in 1972 pathologists' assistants created their own professional organization, the American Association of Pathologists' Assistants. Although it took several decades, the association was eventually able to forge relationships with the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences for training program accreditation and the American Society for Clinical Pathology for board certification for practitioners. The development of the profession in Canada is also described. CONCLUSIONS.­: The pathologists' assistant profession is now well established in North America.

The professional identity of the practicante: the case of Aragon, 1857-1936.

The objective of this study was to reconstruct the professional identity of the practicante (male assistant in medicine and surgery) by analyzing three professional journals of this collective in Zaragoza (Aragón). The discourse of practicantes on their profession insists that they were the only assistants for physicians with technical qualities. This affirmation constituted a key element in shaping their identity, contributing in turn to establish the moral and social legitimization of practicantes and their professional authority. This was constructed in counterpoint to the profile, qualifications and gender identity of the other professional healthcare assistant, the nurse. Despite achieving a clear discourse on their professional identity and developing certain professional infrastructures through the work of institutions and key figures, practicantes were not able to consolidate a collective project of upward social mobility that would improve their status and enhance social recognition of the profession. This led to the construction of a group identity that was largely characterized by apathy, frustration and disunion, elements that eventually weakened the profession.

[A feat of military medical attendant S. A. Bogomolov].

Sergey Bogomolov (1925-1999) is one of a few military paramedics awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for his heroism in the fight against the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War. After graduating from the Kirov Military Medical Academy he worked as a surgeon and anaesthesiologist in the Burdenko Main Military Clinical Hospital.

[Belarusian paramedics during the Nazi occupation].

The article is devoted to Belarusian paramedics serving in occupational territories during the World War II. The article is focused on paramedical professional duties as a part of patriotic activities. This article also touches on their participation in anti-epidemic work.

La presencia de criados particulares en la Casa de Dementes de Santa Isabel / No disponible

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Transporting Lazarus: physicians, the state, and the creation of the modern paramedic and ambulance, 1955-73.

In 1966, morticians provided 50 percent of ambulance services in the United States; today advanced care by trained medical professionals en route to the hospital is considered a basic standard of care. The creation of emergency medical services (EMS) provides an important case study for how physicians acting as "experts" helped to shape the creation of federal policy in the post-World War II years. This paper challenges a narrative of the development of EMS that has emphasized technology, individual agency, and the role of fortuitous chance as the prime movers of EMS development. Instead it argues that a key factor in EMS development was the National Academy of Science-National Research Council's Committee on Emergency Medical Services. Using the examples of paramedic training and ambulance design, this paper argues that members of the committee utilized complex mix of local experimentation and professional networking to suggest directions for the federal government's efforts to create national standards and guidelines for EMS. The NAS-NRC Committee retained a prominent role in EMS development until the passage of the Emergency Medical Services Systems Act of 1973, when federal interest in EMS largely shifted from prehospital transport to an emphasis on in hospital care and regional trauma systems planning.